The StaRT-PCR Method has been well published by multiple authors in peer reviewed, scientific journals.
Following are published scientific articles utilizing StaRT-PCR. These references include publications that: (1) describe the method in detail, (2) validate the method for producing reproducible data across laboratories, (3) describe applications of StaRT-PCR to define genes and gene expression indices (Interactive Transcript Abundance Index (indices) or ITAI) that have potential theranostic, prognostic and molecular diagnostic biomarkers value and (4) reviews the method. Click on the Abstract hot link following each reference to connect to the PubMed abstract citation.
The StaRT-PCR method described in detail:
Willey, J.C., Quality-Controlled Multi-Gene Expression Measurement, PharmaGenomics, January 2004, 21-33. Full Article
Willey, J.C., E.L. Crawford, C.M. Jackson, D.A. Weaver, J.C. Hoban, S.A. Khuder, & J.P. DeMuth. 1998. Expression measurement of many genes simultaneously by quantitative RT-PCR using standardized mixtures of competitive templates. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:6-17. Abstract
Crawford, E.L., K.A. Warner, S.A. Khuder, R.J. Zahorchak, & J.C. Willey. 2002. Multiplex standardized RT-PCR for expression analysis of many genes in small samples. Biochem Biophys Res Commun.293:509-516. Abstract
Apostolakos MJ, Schuermann WH, Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Willey JC. 1993. Measurement of gene expression by multiplex competitive polymerase chain reaction. Anal Biochem. 213:277-284. Abstract
StaRT-PCR Method Reviews:
Petersen, J.R., A.O. Okorodudu, A. Mohammad A, et al. 2003. Capillary electrophoresis and its application in the clinical laboratory. Clin. Lin. Chim. Acta. 330 (1-2): 1-30. Full Article
Bustin, S.A. 2002. Quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR): trends and problems. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 29 (1): 23-39. Full Article
Ahmed, F.E. 2002. Molecular techniques for studying gene expression in carcinogenesis
J. Environ. Sci. Health. C 20 (2): 77-116.
Payne DA, & J. Petersen. 2002. Rapid molecular testing for bioterrorism agents: Targets, tactics, and technology. Journal of Clinical Ligand Assay. 25:348-357. Full Article
Robinson, B.W.S., Erle, D.J., Jones, D.A., et al. 2000. Recent advances in molecular biological techniques and their relevance to pulmonary research. Thorax. 55: 329-339. Full Article
Orlando, C., Pinzani, P., & Pazzagli, M. 1998. Developments in quantitative PCR. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 36: 255-269. Contact Gene Express, Inc. for hardcopy
Zimmermann, K., & Mannhalter, J.W. 1996. Technical aspects of quantitative competitive PCR.
Biotechniques. 21: 268. Full Article
Multi-laboratory validation of StaRT-PCR.
Crawford, E.L., G.J. Peters, P. Noordhuis, M.G. Rots, M. Vondracek, R.C. Grafstrom, K. Lieuallen, G. Lennon, R.J. Zahorchak, M.J. Georgeson, A. Wali, J.F. Lechner, P.S. Fan, M.B. Kahaleh, S.A. Khuder, K.A. Warner, D.A. Weaver, J.C. Willey. 2001. Reproducible gene expression measurement among multiple laboratories obtained in a blinded study using standardized RT (StaRT)-PCR. Mol Diagn. 6:217-225. Abstract
Molecular Diagnostics and Other Applications of StaRT-PCR.
Donald P. Braun, Ph.D., Jianchi Ding, Ph.D., Fehr Shaheen, M.D., James C. Willey, M.D., Nasir Rana, M.D., and W. Paul Dmowski, M.D., Ph.D. Quantitative Expression of Apoptosis-regulating Genes in Endometrium from Women with and without Endometriosis, Fertility and Sterility, in press, 2006. Full Article
Graves TG, Harr MW, Crawford EL, Willey JC. Related Articles, Links Stable low-level expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 in A549 human bronchogenic carcinoma cell line-derived clones down-regulates E2F1 mRNA and restores cell proliferation control. Mol Cancer. 2006 Jan 10;5(1):1 [Epub ahead of print] PMID: 16403226 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] Abstract
Peters GJ, Van Moorsel CJ, Lakerveld B, Smid K, Noordhuis P, Comijn EC, Weaver D, Willey JC, Voorn D, Van der Vijgh WJ, Pinedo HM. Related Articles, Links Effects of gemcitabine on cis-platinum-DNA adduct formation and repair in a panel of gemcitabine and cisplatin-sensitive or -resistant human ovarian cancer cell lines. Int J Oncol. 2006 Jan;28(1):237-44. PMID: 16328001 [PubMed - in process] Abstract only
Mullins DN, Crawford EL, Khuder SA, Hernandez DA, Yoon Y, Willey JC. Related Articles, Links CEBPG transcription factor correlates with antioxidant and DNA repair genes in normal bronchial epithelial cells but not in individuals with bronchogenic carcinoma. BMC Cancer. 2005 Oct 29;5:141. PMID: 16255782 [PubMed - in process] Abstract
Chen B, O' Connell CD, Boone DJ, Amos JA, Beck JC, Chan MM, Farkas DH, Lebo RV, Richards CS, Roa BB, Silverman LM, Barton DE, Bejjani BA, Belloni DR, Bernacki SH, Caggana M, Charache P, Dequeker E, Ferreira-Gonzalez A, Friedman KJ, Greene CL, Grody WW, Highsmith WE Jr, Hinkel CS, Kalman LV, Lubin IM, Lyon E, Payne DA, Pratt VM, Rohlfs E, Rundell CA, Schneider E, Willey AM, Williams LO, Willey JC, Winn-Deen ES, Wolff DJ. Related Articles, Links Developing a sustainable process to provide quality control materials for genetic testing. Genet Med. 2005 Oct;7(8):534-49. PMID: 16247292 [PubMed - in process] Abstract only
Harr MW, Graves TG, Crawford EL, Warner KA, Reed CA, Willey JC. Related Articles, Links Variation in transcriptional regulation of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1/cip1 among human bronchogenic carcinomas. Mol Cancer. 2005 Jul 13;4:23. PMID: 16014176 [PubMed - in process] Abstract
Weaver DA, Crawford EL, Warner KA, Elkhairi F, Khuder SA, Willey JC. Related Articles, Links ABCC5, ERCC2, XPA and XRCC1 transcript abundance levels correlate with cisplatin chemoresistance in non-small cell lung cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer. 2005 May 9;4(1):18. PMID: 15882455 [PubMed - in process] Abstract
Warner, K.A., E.L. Crawford, A. Zaher, R.J. Coombs, H. Elsamaloty, S.L. Roshong-Denk, I. Sharief, G.V. Amurao, Y. Yoon, A.Y. Al-Astal, R.A. Assaly, D.A. Hernandez, T.G. Graves, C.R. Knight, M.W. Harr, T.B. Sheridan, J.P. DeMuth, R.J. Zahorchak, J.R. Hammersley, D.E. Olson, S.J. Durham, & J.C. Willey. 2003. The c-myc x E2F-1/p21 interactive gene expression index augments cytomorphologic diagnosis of lung cancer in fine-needle aspirate specimens. J Mol Diagn. 5:176-83. Abstract
Kennedy, D, E. Omran, S.M. Periyasamy, J. Nadoor, A. Priyadarshi, J.C. Willey, D. Malhotra, Z. Xie, J.I. Shapiro. 2003. Effect of chronic renal failure on cardiac contractile function, calcium cycling, and gene expression of proteins important for calcium homeostasis in the rat. J Am Soc Nephrol. 14:90-97. Abstract
Herness, E.A. & R.K. Naz. 2003. A novel human prostate-specific gene-1 (HPG-1): Molecular cloning, sequencing, and its potential involvement in prostate carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 63:329-336. Abstract
van der Wilt, C.L., J.R. Kroep, W.J. Loves, M.G. Rots, C.J. Van Groeningen, G.J. Kaspers, & G.J. Peters. 2003. Expression of deoxycytidine kinase in leukaemic cells compared with solid tumour cell lines, liver metastases and normal liver. Eur. J. Cancer. 39: 691-697. Abstract
Hansson, A, B.K. Bloor, Z. Sarang, Y. Haig, P.R. Morgan, H.J. Stark, N.E. Fusenig, J. Ekstrand, & R.C. Grafstrom. 2003. Analysis of proliferation, apoptosis and keratin expression in cultured normal and immortalized human buccal keratinocytes. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 111:34-41. Abstract
Vondracek, M., D.A. Weaver, Z. Sarang, J.J. Hedberg, J.C. Willey, L. Warngard, & R.C. Grafstrom. 2002. Transcript profiling of enzymes involved in detoxification of xenobiotics and reactive oxygen in human normal and simian virus 40 T antigen-immortalized oral keratinocytes. Int J Cancer.99:776-782. Abstract
Kroep, J.R., W.J. Loves, C.L. van der Wilt, E. Alvarez, L. Talianidis, E. Boven, B.J. Braakhuis, C.J. van Groeningen, H.M. Pinedo, & G.J. Peters. 2002. Pretreatment deoxycytidine kinase levels predict in vivo gemcitabine sensitivity. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1:371-376. Abstract
Mollerup, S., K. Jorgensen, G. Berge, & A. Haugen. 2002. Expression of estrogen receptors alpha and beta in human lung tissue and cell lines. Lung Cancer. 37:153-9. Abstract
Lechner, J.F., Y. Wang, F. Siddiq, J.M. Fugaro, A, Wali, F. Lonardo, J.C. Willey, C.C. Harris, & H.I. Pass. 2002. Human lung cancer cells and tissues partially recapitulate the homeobox gene expression profile of embryonic lung. Lung Cancer.37:41-7. Abstract
Dressler, D., Z. Sarang, Z. Szondy, K. Engelhart, & R.C. Grafstrom. 2002. Expression of retinoid-related genes in serum-free cultures of normal, immortalized and malignant human oral keratinocytes. Int. J. Oncol. 20:897-903. Abstract
Mollerup, S., S. Ovrebo, & A. Haugen. 2001. Lung carcinogenesis: resveratrol modulates the expression of genes involved in the metabolism of PAH in human bronchial epithelial cells. Int. J. Cancer. 92:18-25. Abstract
Loitsch, S.M., C. von Mallinckrodt, S. Kippenberger, D. Steinhilber, T.O. Wagner, & J. Bargon. 2001. Reactive oxygen intermediates are involved in IL-8 production induced by hyperosmotic stress in human bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 276:571-578. Abstract
Rots, M.G., J.C. Willey, G. Jansen, C.H. Van Zandwijk, P. Noordhuis, J.P. DeMuth, E. Kuiper, A.J.P. Veerman, R. Pieters, & G.J. Peters. 2000. mRNA expression levels of methotrexate resistance related proteins in childhood leukemia as determined by a standardized competitive template based RT-PCR method. Leukemia. 14: 2166-2175. Abstract
Crawford, E.L., S.A. Khuder, S.J. Durham, M. Frampton, M. Utell, W.G. Thilley, D.A. Weaver, W.J. Ferencak, C.A. Jennings, J.R. Hammersley, D.A. Olse, & J.C. Willey. 2000. Normal bronchial epithelial cell expression of glutathione transferase P1, glutathione transferase M3, and glutathione peroxidase is low in subjects with bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer Research. 60:1609-1618. Abstract
Rots, M.G., R. Pieters, G.J. Peters, C.H. van Zantwijk, R. Mauritz, P. Noordhuis, J.C. Willey, K. Hahlen, U. Creutzig, G. Janka-Schaub, G.J.L. Kaspers, A.J.P. Veerman, & G. Jansen. 1999. Circumvention of methotrexate resistance in childhood leukemia subtypes by rationally designed antifolates. Blood, 94: 3121-3128. Abstract
Mollerup, S., D. Ryberg, A. Hewer, D.H. Phillips, & A. Haugen. 1999. Sex differences in lung CYP1A1 expression and DNA adduct levels among lung cancer patients. Cancer Research. 59:3317-3320. Abstract
Allen, J.T., R.A. Knight, C.A. Bloor, & M.A. Spiteri. 1999. Enhanced insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein 2 (connective tissue growth factor) expression in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary saroidosis. Am. J. of Resp. Cell and Mol. Biol., 21: 693. Abstract
Loitsch, S.M., S. Kippenberger, N. Dauletbaev, T.O.F. Wagner, & J. Bargon. 1999. Reverse transcription-competitive multiplex PCR improves quantification of mRNA in clinical samples -- Application to low abundance CFTR mRNA. Clinical Chemistry. 45:619-624. Abstract
Crawford, E.L., D.A. Weaver, J.P. demuth, C.M. Jackson, S.A. Khuder, M.W. Frampton, M.J. Utell, W.G. Thilley, & J.C. Willey. 1998. Measurement of cytrochrome P450 2A6 and 2E1 gene expression in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Carcinogenesis. 19:1867-1871. Abstract
DeMuth, J.P., C.M. Jackson, D.A. Weaver, E.L. Crawford, D.S. Durzinsky, S.J. Durham, A. Zaher, E.R. Phillips, S.A. Khuder, & J.C. Willey. 1998. The gene expression index c-myc x E2F-1/p21 is highly predictive of malignant phenotype in human bronchial epithelial cells. A. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:18-24. Abstract
DeMuth, J.P., D.A. Weaver, E.L. Crawford, C.M. Jackson, & J.C. Willey. 1998. Loss of spr1 expression measurable by quantitative RT-PCR in human bronchogenic carcinoma cell lines. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 19:25-29. Abstract
Willey, J.C., E.L. Coy, M.W. Frampton, A Torres, M. J. Apostolakos, G. Hoehn, W.H. Schuermann, W.G. Thilly, D.E. Olson, J.R., Hammersley, C.L. Crespi, & M.J. Utell. 1997. Quantitative RT-PCR measurement of cytochromes p450 1A1, 1B1, and 2B7, microsomal epoxide hydrolase and NADPH oxidoreductase expression in lung cells of smokers and nonsmokers. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 17:114-124. Abstract
Willey JC, Frampton MW, Utell MJ, Apostolakos MJ, Coy EL, Olson DE, Hammersley JR, Matteson D, & Thilly WG. 1997. Patterns of gene expression in human airway epithelial cells. Chest. 111:83S. Abstract
Willey, J.C., E. Coy, C. Brolley, M.J. Utell, M.W. Frampton, J. Hammersley, W.G. Thilly, D. Olson, & K. Cairns. 1996. Xenobiotic metabolism enzyme gene expression in human bronchial epithelial and alveolar macrophage cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 14:262-271. Abstract
Willey, J.C., E.L. Coy, M.W. Frampton, et al. 1996. Inter-individual variation in expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolism enzymes in human lung cells. J. Invest. Med. 44:A396. Contact Gene Express, Inc. for hardcopy
Solch, J.P., & G.J. Arnold. 1996. Multiplex reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction combined with temperature gradient gel electrophoresis as a tool for the normalized quantitation of intrinsic factor mRNA. Electrophoresis. 17:30-39. Abstract
Avissar, N., J.N. Finkelstein, S. Horowitz, J.C. Willey, E. Coy, M.W. Frampton, R.H. Watkins, P. Khullar, Y.L. Xu, & H.J. Cohen. 1996. Extracellular glutathione peroxidase in human lung epithelial lining fluid and in lung cells. Am J. Physiol. 270:L173-L182. Abstract
Carr, M., F.E. May, T.W. Lennard, & B.R. Westley. 1995. Determination of estrogen responsiveness of breast cancer by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Brit. J. Cancer. 72:1427-1434. Abstract
Shen Y, Iqbal J, Huang JZ, Zhou, G and Chan WC. 2004. BCL2 protein expression parallels its mRNAlevel in normal and malignant B cells. Blood. 104: 2936-2939. Full Article